The Internet is More of a Help than Hindrance :: essays research papers

We are all familiar with internet. Since it was born to affirm the development of society, it rapidly changes our life so much. How does it concern on us? What do you think its value could be a help or a hindrance? Let?s discover the resolving power by now. Everyday, imagine how man people in the world using internet? What does it used for? Why it is a help? 1.a help? super human it is clever because it obtains a marvellous mind( memory) Eg it is a perfect teacher with incredible ability at the same time it can teach thousands students with mixed range of knowledge. it helps you to find information and solve the problems about politic, business, health? ?super despatch Using internet your time is saved by second.Its special verge is what you see is what you get? Imagine that how long it takes you to market to buy goods? Instead just log in internet you can buy clothes, food, banking, booking the slate while you can relax and do other jobs as well.?super accurateIt is intangible spy. From the internet you are able to monitor exactly what is fortuity in the moon? Even watch the news in America. Thus, I honestly suggest that internet makes your life easier and more convenient with faster speed and effective work. 1.A hindranceOn the other hand it is hindrance when people use it for the dark purpose. For example, children are likely to play game which is resulted less(prenominal) effort in study, others like to copy available resources down as their idea. Moreover, according to ABC news, last year two students were suicide as they surf internet. It causes a shock for numerous of students. As a result, internet is murderer. Other example is after watching the horror and sex films the teenagers and adult like to do the same as the film did. It poisons the human nature.

To Be, Or Not To Be :: essays research papers

According to Merrion-Webster Inc. Dictionary, a doppelgnger is a double, an often ghostly or evil counterpart to a character. It comes from the German language, doppel- double + -gnger goer. It might be asked, What does a doppelgnger have to do with a paper on Joseph Conrad? The answer is a lot, especially if Conrads The Secret Sharer is being discussed. In this short story, the two characters, the original and Leggatt, share many similarities, as well as differences. When comparing the similarities and differences, they can be used to show the duality between the captain and Leggatt. Conrad used Leggatt as a doppelgnger to help the captain come terms with himself.In 1880, Conrad was part of the crew of the Cutty Sark. On this ship, Sidney Smith killed a black man, John Francis. The captain of the Cutty Sark secretly helped Smith to an American ship, the Colorado. Four days later, Smith committed suicide (Daleski 171). Smith had not wanted to be tried for his murder. This experienc e is particularly provoke when one compares it to Conrads short story, The Secret Sharer. Conrad directly used his knowledge of the occurrences aboard the Cutty Sark for that particular story.The Secret Sharer is a psychological masterpiece that dramatizes the act of sympathetic denomination with an outlaw. Also, it deals with the achievement of self-mastery when the secret self is exorcised (Graver 150). In it, the character Leggatt is the embodiment of the captains personality yet, he is not any higher or lower than the captain. Hes only different. He is one side, to a double-sided coin.In the story, the captain of a ship discovers a man named Leggatt. Leggatt had committed murder on the Sephora, on which he was first mate. non wanting to face a trial, he escaped. The captain and Leggatt form an immediate bond (Conrad 702). Comparing the two, they are both of the same stature, same background. The captain steady refers to Leggatt as his double, other self, or secret sharer alm ost 40 times (Graver 152). Conrad specifically implies that Leggatt is a doppelgnger, or the captains double.They do, however, possess striking differences in their personalities. Where the captain is apprehensive and uncertain of himself, Leggatt is rise of calmness and self-confidence (Conrad 702). In fact, part of the attractiveness that Leggatt has, is based on his obvious self-possession (Graver 152). Yet, it must be remembered that Leggatt killed a man.

Deception Essay -- essays research papers

DeceptionWhether conducted by the patrol officer, the victims advocate, the prosecutor or the detective assigned to a special unit in the criminal investigation division, the hearing of a victim, witness, suspect or in chassisant is a critical element of any investigation. odd resources in the form of man power, money, time and equipment evict be wasted because of the failure of the interviewer to conduct a complete interview and accurately evaluate the believability of the information gained from the subject interviewed.As a part of the three pillars of the criminal investigative process, a thorough and complete interview provides greater insight into the mental elements of the suspect or even victims behaviors during the commission of the crime. The interview can in like manner provide understanding of and give a clear interpretation to the evidence isolated by the forensic investigation of the case. In spite of its importance however, the value of the interview alone can b e nil without the psychological and forensic pillars. By the same token a poorly executed interview along with a flawed effort to assess credibility can degrade if not destroy the efforts in the forensic and psychological portions of the investigation and any subsequent prosecution.A complete and successful interview will virtually always be characterized by four basic elements orientation, narration, cross-examination and resolution. In its own way, each of these four elements is unique and accomplishes specific goals. Without all four elements no interview will be complete.Orientation is accomplished on both an overt and covert level. Overtly the function of the orientation period is to establish some form of dialogue with the subject being interviewed. This can be achieved through someoneal introductions and possibly some form of brief light conversation if conditions and time permit. It is also the period during which the interviewer advises the subject as to the purpose of th e interview, its importance, and the necessity to be totally forthcoming, honest and cooperative. Granted in many cases this is not going to be a socially comfortable situation nor will it always intended to be so. Covertly the objective of the investigative interviewer to establish some form of understanding of the person b... ...alysis of the subjects floor nor will they be effective at unlocking the truth during the cross-examination phase. The final element of a successful interview will be the resolution phase. It is during this portion of the interview that the subject after effective cross-examination acknowledges their responsibility in the commission of the act or in the least that they had a pauperization to at least deliberately lead or outright lie to the interviewer. For these acts they must accept the consequences and provide truthful information to the interviewer.It is through a narrative based interview that the investigative interviewer will be able to obtain th e largest quantity of information as well as the highest quality. Without dedication by the investigator to attain these goals their efforts in the psychological assessment and the forensic identification, collection, preservation and analysis may suffer severely and ultimately the satisfactory conclusion of their case. Invariably on that point will also be only one real good opportunity to achieve these goals. It is imperative that the interviewer gets it right the first time.

Frank Mccourt Angelas Ashes Essay -- essays research papers

Bednarz-Caraballo SylwiaEssay 6 - This is life yarn Angelas Ashes was very emotional. One would not believe how plurality lived in Ireland some long time ago. And Im sure that wasnt the only bum in the world where people were struggling like that. blustering Mc Court, the oldest child who essay to take care of his brothers the best way he knew, tells the story. He didnt confound an easy life. This poor child tried to do anything for him and his siblings to survive. Looking at people I survive and comparing their life to Mc Courts lives, well I think that most of them wouldnt even k in a flash what to do, how to do it, to survive. My main point how is it that some people have everything they need to live and others have nothing and still find a way to cultivate things work, not on a high level, but still. How is it manageable that Frank McCourt and his brothers survived? In my eyes they went through a lot. How anyone would be able to do it now? I cant see that happening. I e nduret know if I could. Although, Im sure that there are people living this way. The McCourt family moved from New York to Ireland to look for a reveal way of living, to forget about their dead children, to try to have a regular life. Well, it didnt work out. The father of the family was to caught up with drinking, instead of giving the bullion for the needs of the family, which would be just simple - food. When the father left to England to look for a speculate and never sent any money to his starving family Frank felt ob... Frank Mccourt Angelas Ashes Essay -- essays research papers Bednarz-Caraballo SylwiaEssay 6 - This is lifeReading Angelas Ashes was very emotional. One would not believe how people lived in Ireland some years ago. And Im sure that wasnt the only place in the world where people were struggling like that. Frank Mc Court, the oldest child who tried to take care of his brothers the best way he knew, tells the story. He didnt have an easy life. Th is poor child tried to do anything for him and his siblings to survive. Looking at people I know and comparing their life to Mc Courts lives, well I think that most of them wouldnt even know what to do, how to do it, to survive. My main point how is it that some people have everything they need to live and others have nothing and still find a way to make things work, not on a high level, but still. How is it possible that Frank McCourt and his brothers survived? In my eyes they went through a lot. How anyone would be able to do it now? I cant see that happening. I dont know if I could. Although, Im sure that there are people living this way. The McCourt family moved from New York to Ireland to look for a better way of living, to forget about their dead children, to try to have a regular life. Well, it didnt work out. The father of the family was to caught up with drinking, instead of giving the money for the needs of the family, which would be just simple - food. When the father lef t to England to look for a job and never sent any money to his starving family Frank felt ob...

Inflation Essays -- Economics

InflationINFLATION CAN OUR ECONOMY GROW WITHOUT IT? INFLATION CAN OUR ECONOMY GROW WITHOUT IT? What is inflation? The definition of inflation, according to Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary, is an undue expansion or increase, from overissue. Although, Websters is considered by most to be the overall best dictionary, WordNet states the meaning of inflation a drawing card clearer by saying, its a general and progressive increase in prices. It occurs when the value of goods rises faster than the value of money. The usual approximate measure of this is the Consumer Price Index, which deliberate the prices of different goods according to importance in a typical budget and then demos how much the prices of these goods have increased. This immediately raises some problems for example, the weight of the goods must swap over time. The importance of computers was not measured in the price index 100 years ago. Another problem is the failure of the price index to detain changes in qua lity. The quality of a good may have improved by 20%, while the price has only risen by 10%. The consumer price index doesnt feel this should be a factor, but many would disagree. Hence, inflation is not easy to define in practice. This should be kept in mind when discussing how to defeat inflation. There have been numerous theories on how to defeat inflation and even some theories on whether, or not, it should be get the better of at all. Some say that inflation is not only expected, but often, needed. Economists believe that in order for the economy to expand and grow, there has to be some level of inflation.Therefore, the opposite holds true as well. If you want to lower inflation, you have to accept a semi-standard economy. They call this tradeoff the Phillips Curve. The Phillips Curve is thought to be the strait-laced way of balancing sparing growth and inflation. For this reason the Federal Reserve is always looking for the perfect equilibrium at which we can maximize our economic growth while keeping inflation as minimal as possible. They do this by increasing and decreasing interest rate. Although, Economists and the Federal Reserve patronage by the Phillips Curve as a general rule for not letting inflation get out of hand, it has been proven many times in the past that it is possible to have a very healthy and prosperous economy without raising inflation at all. There are even exa... ...creased. This would show a truer relation of the prices of goods to the inflation of the economy. I can see the Federal Reserves reasoning behind raising interest rates to slow brush up the economy and lower inflation, but they need to realize that the rate of inflation is not completely dependant upon the rise and fall of the economies well-being. The past has proven to us numerous times that the economy is quite capable of being stable and prosperous without effecting the inflation rate in a negative way. Thats wherefore I feel that it would be in the nations best interest to continue letting the economy expand into bigger and better things without raising interest rates to unneeded proportions. WORKS CITED Forbes, Steve. Bad Idea Begets Bad Economy. Forbes. Oct. 9, 1995 p23. Dentzer, Susan. Honey, I Shrunk the Price Tag. U.S. News & World Report. Sept. 23, 1996 p72. Forbes, Steve. Stop Stunting Our Prosperity. Forbes. Oct. 16, 1995 p27. Inflation. Hypertext Webster Gateway. Jan. 20, 1999 internet. http//work.ucsd.edu5141/cgi-bin/http_webster?inflation Bootle, Roger. Chapter 2-Prices. The Death of Inflation. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. 1996 p488-489.

Inflation Essays -- Economics

InflationINFLATION CAN OUR frugality GROW WITHOUT IT? INFLATION CAN OUR ECONOMY GROW WITHOUT IT? What is ostentatiousness? The definition of inflation, according to Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary, is an undue expansion or increase, from overissue. Although, Websters is considered by most to be the overall best dictionary, WordNet states the meaning of inflation a lot clearer by saying, its a general and progressive increase in prices. It occurs when the nurture of goods rises faster than the value of money. The usual approximate measure of this is the Consumer Price Index, which weigh the prices of different goods according to importance in a typical bud regain and then shows how much the prices of these goods engage increased. This immediately raises some problems for example, the weight of the goods must change over time. The importance of computers was not measured in the price index 100 years ago. another(prenominal) problem is the failure of the price index to captu re changes in quality. The quality of a good may have improved by 20%, firearm the price has only risen by 10%. The consumer price index doesnt feel this should be a factor, but many would disagree. Hence, inflation is not easy to define in practice. This should be kept in mind when discussing how to defeat inflation. There have been numerous theories on how to defeat inflation and unconstipated some theories on whether, or not, it should be defeated at all. Some say that inflation is not only expected, but often, needed. Economists believe that in commit for the economy to hyperbolise and grow, there has to be some level of inflation.Therefore, the opposite holds true as well. If you want to lower inflation, you have to accept a semi-standard economy. They cry (out) this tradeoff the Phillips Curve. The Phillips Curve is thought to be the proper way of balancing economic growth and inflation. For this reason the Federal Reserve is always looking for the improve equilibrium at which we can maximize our economic growth while keeping inflation as minimal as possible. They do this by increase and decreasing interest runs. Although, Economists and the Federal Reserve abide by the Phillips Curve as a general rule for not letting inflation get out of hand, it has been proven many times in the past that it is possible to have a very healthy and prosperous economy without raising inflation at all. There are even exa... ...creased. This would show a truer relation of the prices of goods to the inflation of the economy. I can see the Federal Reserves reasoning can buoy raising interest rates to slow down the economy and lower inflation, but they need to realize that the rate of inflation is not completely dependent upon the rise and fall of the economies well-being. The past has proven to us numerous times that the economy is quite capable of being stable and prosperous without effecting the inflation rate in a negative way. Thats why I feel that it would be in the nations best interest to continue letting the economy expand into bigger and better things without raising interest rates to unneeded proportions. WORKS CITED Forbes, Steve. Bad Idea Begets Bad Economy. Forbes. Oct. 9, 1995 p23. Dentzer, Susan. Honey, I Shrunk the Price Tag. U.S. News & World Report. Sept. 23, 1996 p72. Forbes, Steve. hinderance Stunting Our Prosperity. Forbes. Oct. 16, 1995 p27. Inflation. Hypertext Webster Gateway. Jan. 20, 1999 internet. http//work.ucsd.edu5141/cgi-bin/http_webster?inflation Bootle, Roger. Chapter 2-Prices. The Death of Inflation. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. 1996 p488-489.

Human Service Specialist Essay

IntroductionIn order to successfully assist a client as a clement Service Specialist, the specialist has to empathise the different client and issues of those clients. One client habitation that the specialist depart encounter is one that shows an unwillingness to seek help. In most cases when this client base will have this attitude due to, the challenges that they may face or are currently facing. Understand these fears early on will show the client, that the superior is aware and understands them, thus building a positive, effective relationship between the client and specialist. As the client, the feeling of having someone on their side that truly understands their require is essential to building a healthy client/worker relationship. Along with the professional understanding the full concept of precontemplation, contemplation, preparing for action, maintenance, and how to prepare for action.ConclusionThe primary refinement of the Five Stages of Change, is to ensure the cl ient is successful in life. Learning the clients needs and how to assist them with those needs are very vital for the Human Service Professional. As the interviewer assists the client to explore his discomfort in participating, a sense of trust develops between the interviewer and the client. (Essential Interviewing) Enhancing the clients level of confidence will be very beneficial to the clients success when working through these changes. Monitoring the clients success should also be taken into consideration. Knowing, what struggles the client face or may face, will assist the professional in knowing what area they need to focus on, in order to obtain the client on track to reach their goals.

Thomas Aquinas’ Account of the Various Dimensions of Prophecy

The Summa Theologica, one of the principal works of St. Thomas Aquinas, has created remarkable impacts non except in his time but also up to the present generation. A writing that is, according to him, a compilation of Christian doctrine as a manual for his students, the Summa Theologica is actually a complete, systematically arranged exposition regarding theology and Christian philosophy. It consists of questions, articles, and arguments discussing different concepts related to theology (Aquinas,154).One of the most famous and controversial topics include in the Summa Theologica is the various dimensions of prophecy of the philosopher and theologian prophecy of foreknowledge, prophecy of denunciation, and prophecy of predestination. The first mentioned dimension of prophecy pertains to the apocalypses of God regarding the events in the future that dep conclusion originally on mans freewill. The samples given by Aquinas have both(prenominal)thing in relation to life and death, w ars and dynasty, and the likes.Therefore, in fulfilling the prophecy of foreknowledge, ones free choice is the major influential factor. In contrast to the first prophecy, the prophecy of predestination deals with what God has revealed that He alone can do, has believed is present for eternity, and what is in His absolute decree. Therefore, a mans free choice is not a contributing attribute in this dimension of prophecy. Lastly, the prophecy of denunciation talks about the event that may and will happen through Gods revelation of the future which can be hindered by miraculous deeds.Thus, it is regarded as a conditional promise which is mainly dependent upon other factors that will or may prevent it from happening (Aquinas,154). Aquinas also believed that other than knowledge, revelation is a necessary requirement for salvation. Through this, man can know the supernatural end that actually affects his acts. More importantly, without revelation, only a few would know the truths conce rning God after a longer time and with of course, a great possibility of error.Thus, he proved that reason, which is anchored to mans knowledge, is essential not in proving what the truths of faith are but in defending, explaining, and developing the revealed doctrines of Christianity (154). However, not all agree with Aquinas belief some question one of his points of view, specifically regarding active intelligence. Henry Corbins statement disapproves of Aquinas perception that active intellect functions not in separate ways with spirituality (249).Corbin strongly disapproved this and emphasized that if these two will be linked and treated as one in terms of functions, spirituality may neglect its true essence since intellect is classified with relevance to the social norm (249). Thus, when not separated with the socialized arena of active intelligence, beliefs regarding religious arena great power as well be affected. A spiritual entity dominated by religious forces, which are influenced by a socialized field of intellect, might as well in return be socialized.This occurrence will result in modifications in ones points of view and confusion about what authentically exists and what does not. An example given in that statement describes the transformation of ones belief in monotheism to monism (Corbin 249). The former explains that only one god exists but when not done separately from the aspect of intellectual side, it then results in monism wherein one believes that one god only exists but with manifestations in various religions. This scenario just illustrates what Corbin tried to explain if intellect comes in the way of spirituality.

Differences Between Gaap & Ifrs in Accounting

Income Tax Memorandum 10/18/2012 Over the past few years, there has been a push to adopt a single international accounting specimen in order to simplify commerce in the global economy we live in today. However, this is more comfortably said than done because of some very notable differences mingled with U. S. generally accepted accounting principles and IFRS standards. One of the most significant differences between generally accepted accounting principles and IFRS arises when accounting for income evaluate incomees.The first solvent that arises when accounting for income taxes is determining the tax basis of an asset or liability. Under IFRS standards, tax basis is based on the expected manner of recovery. These standards define the tax base of an asset as the amount that will be deductible for tax purposes against any taxable economic benefits that will be received in the future. Similarly, the tax base of a liability is defined as its carrying amount, less any amount that wil l be deductible for tax purposes in the future.Under U. S. GAAP standards, tax basis is a question of fact under the tax law, which means the tax basis of an asset or liability is the amount apply for tax purposes. For example, in the case of an asset, tax basis includes the amounts that atomic number 18 deductible for deprecation, as well as any amounts that would be deductible upon sale or liquidation of the asset under tax law. Another key difference between IFRS and GAAP is how income tax get down (benefit) is allocated to financial statement components.IFRS allows for a in effect(p) backwards tracing approach to be used. In this approach, income tax expense is recognized in the income statement regardless of the period in which the tax expense or benefit is recognized. Under GAAP standards, backwards tracing is prohibited, and income tax is allocated to the financial statement category where the pre-tax item was recorded. A further difference between IFRS and GAAP arises wh en dealing with Deferred Tax Assets (DTAs) and Deferred Tax Liabilities (DTLs).The first difference between the two standards is how DTAs and DTLs are classified. Under IFRS, DTAs and DTLs are always classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. GAAP requires that DTAs and DTLs be classified as either current or noncurrent, based on the classification of the asset or liability generating the temporary difference. IFRS and GAAP also differ on how a Deferred Tax Asset is recognized. IFRS uses the plunder Approach, where assets are not recognized unless it is probable (greater than 50%) that they will be realized.Whereas GAAP calls for the Gross Approach, in which the full DTA is recorded and then reduced by a valuation allowance if it is not likely to be realized. One of the last key differences between IFRS and GAAP in accounting for income taxes is each standards guidance for uncertain tax positions. Under IFRS, there is no specific guidance given, and a company can record the lia bility as either a single best estimate, or a weighted-average probability of the possible outcomes. GAAP however, gives clear guidance on how to account for uncertain tax positions.Under these standards, if an uncertain tax position meets the more likely than not recognition threshold, the benefit is measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. In summary, the differences between IFRS and GAAP accounting standards are vast, and each difference has a real effect on a companys financial statements. IFRS tends to have less strict guidelines, and each individual company is allowed to use their own judgment on certain matters. GAAP takes a stricter approach, and most accounting issues have set guidelines and standards that a company must adhere to.

Exam Paper for Distribution Managment

Patricia Mae D. Perez Distribution dressment 5. Major concepts related with supply range of mountains A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the numbers of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to guests. Supply chains exist in both serving and manufacturing governings, although the difficulty of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and firm to firm. It is a dynamic system that evolves over time.Indeed, not only do customer train and supplier capabilities change over time, but supply chain relationships also evolve overtime. For example, as the customers power increases, there is increased pres legitimate placed on manufacturers and suppliers to produce an enormous variety of high- look products and to produced customized products. Characteristic of supply chain prudence There argon song of characteristics of supply chain. The nigh important is that the firms understand that their future depends to al arge level on the success of billet and they involved themselves as part of the channel.Relationships atomic number 18 viewed as long term, and the corporate cultures, philosophies, and missions are similar. There is joint forgening of products, emplacements, and quantities of inventory to be kept in the system. Great deal instruction sharing amid firms in come out to coordinate the efficient lam of goods. The modern computing and communication technology, such as electronic data interchange, is used to rapidly submit information within the channel as destinyed. Cost advantages are exploited wherever possible. Other characteristics are Competing goals and objectives Cost reduction and on time lecture of goodsDynamic operating conditions Emphasis on responsiveness to figure changes Process of supply chain management The planning process needs to account for demand and cost p arameters varying over time due to the impact of seasonal fluctuations, trends, advertising and promotions, competitors pricing and strategies. The process is made up of the flow of materials, flow of information and services and monitoring the control of this flow, that includes raw materials procurement, production, inventory management, processing of orders, warehousing, transportation and distribution. Sources http//www. se. ufl. edu/Supplychain/done/Day2/Deshmukh/sld002. htm http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/Str-The/Supply-Chain-Management. hypertext markup language http//lcm. csa. iisc. ernet. in/scm/supply_chain_intro. html 8. attain concepts related to customer service and performance measurements in the SCM function Four methods of developing customer strategy Stay in touch Show your customers how you honor your business through keeping in touch with them by sending them updates about your troupe. Use newsletters, individual letters or emails to deliver ne w things and products and promotions of the company.You merchantman also send a thank you note if a customer made a major purchase and ask them for some feedbacks and suggestions. With all of this information you gathered from your customer, you finish come up with solutions to the problems and meet their needs. Empower your staff There are some cases where there is no policy and the policy need to be flexed. To do this you save to empower certain people to falsify decisions, bend the rules and use wise judgments. Have them documented these special cases by providing a pad paper of forms and let them input some information to the computer.You flowerpot also designate one person per shift as chief problem-solver. Manage customer relationships Once you have gathered information about your customer, you can identify them and give them rewards. You can offer the frequent customers discounts for their next purchase and make a follow up call to those customers who need repair work. U se the information gathered about the customer to make customer service a science. If you give them quality service and you satisfy them, they will continue going back to you. Make great service a priorityFor you to serve your customers excellently, you have to train your staff. Because they are the one who faces and interact your customers not you. So train them very well. Always put in mind that customers must always comes first. acquire with small things like greeting them politely and staff must courteously greet anyone who enters the shop. Relationship between customer service and inventory investment improving the inventory is critical to customer service. despite of whether your company deals b2b or b2C, insufficient inventory management process will affect customer service and customer satisfaction levels.A successful inventory management anticipates analyses, plans for, and delivers inventory standards which do not mix into customer service disaster. Not only focus on the correct inventory supply levels, but also the factors in the expertise of the personell who deal with inventory process. The relationship with the suppliers and distributors, as well as those who perform the criminal maintenance functions, and the communication processes used to express the current and prospective requirements between both the suppliers, distributors and end users. Sources http//marketing. about. com/od/relationshipmarketing/a/crmtopten. tm http//ezinearticles. com/? Improved-Inventory-Management-ProcessesCritical-to-Customer-Service-Excellence&id=4148576 11. Impact of inventory management on operations Major operational benefits of bunk manufacturing systems Lean manufacturing concepts were developed over the last five to six decades, primarily in Japan, particularly for the Toyota production system. These concepts met unlike tests for many many years and passed the test of time very easily. It is defined as an approach to help reduce waste and eliminate waste in the assemble suck up at the time of manufacturing the products.By doing it counterbalance, it helps in reducing the cost and continuous improvement. It eliminates waste by means of identifying non-value added activities which leads to poor product quality in the production process that will not be able to meet the customers expectations in the market place Benefits of Lean Manufacturing are Improvement in the spoken language performance Less/ reduced lead times Increased in sales revenue Less operating be and increased profits Improved customer satisfaction and supplier relations Reduction in inventory An increased in the employee moral and retention come apart quality Reduced warehouse space Creation of additional working capital for new projects Improvement in supplier relationship In lean manufacturing, the customers can be able to dismount what they want. With this, they get satisfied and it brings benefits for the employees as they are the very important in the manufac turing line. The system focuses on the improvement of the manufacturing line of the organizations. The companies have been able to eliminate and reduce the redundant and looping processes from the organizations. It has made things very easy for the organizations.The tools used in the lean manufacturing can help the organization to find out different problems in the production. Organizational and process considerations involved in implementing lean systems There are other implementing lean manufacturing tools that an organization can use to get the improvements they want. There is the Value Streaming and Process Mapping. These two can effectively eliminate waste and in implementing lean manufacturing, they can streamline work processes. Value streaming is use to identify opportunities while process mapping use to identify specific waste and improvements.Considerations Strategic Flexibility unlooked-for problems arise to change any plan. Unforeseen opportunities also arise. This is w here stragegits excel. The only sure thing is change. Tasks in the future are lesslikely to change than months away. The long term plan sets direction and budgets. The short term tracks specific tasls and accomplishments. Concentration concentrate the maximum force in the smallest area Beachhead Stragtegies focuses on small area or a product. all in all the essentials elements for a self reinforcing, sustainable system are deployed locally.This can happen quickly. The small area become the beachhead of lean manufacturing The Kaizen blitz is a focused implementation that suits a beachhead strategy. It has a strong appeal. It is fast, dramatic and effective. Source http//www. strategosinc. com/mpping0. htm http//www. articlesbase. com/software-articles/10-benefits-of-lean-manufacturing-2475092. html http//www. altiusdirectory. com/Business/lean-manufacturing. html http//manufacturelean. com/lean-manufacturing-system/ http//www. leanmanufacturingsecrets. com/blog/2008/03/28/implement ing-lean-manufacturing/ ttp//www. strategosinc. com/lean_implementation3. htm 7. billet of SCM and Logistics in the economy and the organization Total Quality Management is an approach that seeks to improve quality and performance which will meet or exceed customer expectations. This can be handd by integrating all quality-related functions and processes throughout the company. It looks at the overall quality measures used by a company including managing quality design and development, quality control and maintenance, quality improvement, and quality assurance.It takes into account all quality measures taken at all levels and involving all company employees. For this to work, everyone in the organization has to get involved. This theory is to work towards using the best processes to offer the best possible products and to produce best customer satisfaction. Supply Chain Management in the management of distribution across organizations. All the members of the channel, from suppliers to end users, coordinate their business activities and process to minimize their total costs and maximize their effectiveness in the market.The goal is to achieve the coordination and continuity of a vertically integrated channel without centralized ownership of the absolutes comprising the channel. The firms form along term partenrshipin order to improve service to the ned consumer, reduce channel costs, and arrive at competitive advantage. It has also developed other terms like Just In Time supply chain management. That is to say that a company tries to stock nothing ahead of time and its suppliers will provide what is needed just in time for production or shipping.There are a push-down store of variables for a good supply chain management like the trustworthiness of suppliers, reliability of shippers, and planning contingencies for worse case scenarios. Still, business are sedate trying to figure how much they need to inventory and how much can be ordered as needed. There ar e some key characteristics of SCM. The most important of all is that the firms involved see themselves as part of the channel and understand that their future depends to declamatory extent on the success of the whole channel.The relationships are viewed as long term, and the corporate cultures, philosophies, and missions are similar. Just in time is a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity. It also has been described as an approach with the objective of producing the right part in the right place at the right time. Waste results from any activity that adds cost without adding value, such as the unnecessary moving of materials, the accumulation of excess inventory, or the use of faulty production methods that create products requiring subsequent rework.JIT should improve profits and return on investment by reducing inventory levels, reducing variability, improving product quality, reducing production and de livery lead times, and reducing other costs. In a JIT system, underutilized (excess) capacity is used instead of buffer inventories to hedge against problems that may arise. JIT applies primarily to repetitive manufacturing processes in which the same(p) products and components are produced over and over again.The general idea is to establish flow processes by linking work centers so that there is an even, balanced flow of materials throughout the entire production process, similar to that found in an assembly line. To accomplish this, an attempt is made to reach the goals of driving all inventory buffers toward zero and achieving the ideal lot size of one unit. Sources http//logistics. about. com/od/qualityinthesupplychain/a/TQM. htm http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/Str-The/Supply-Chain-Management. html http//www. thinkingmanagers. com/business-management/total-quality-management. hp http//personal. ashland. edu/rjacobs/m503jit. html http//hubpages. com/hub/supply- chain-management-definition http//personal. ashland. edu/rjacobs/m503jit. html 2. Organizational issues related to purchasing Purchasing is wherein all momentous purchases are monitored for the right authorization of the right item, at the right price, quality and quantity, from the right supplier and terms. Objectives of purchasing 1. Procure the necessary quality and quantity of goods or services in an efficient, timely and cost effective manner, while maintaining the controls necessary for a corporation. . Encourage an open competitive bidding process practicable for the encyclopedism of goods and services and equitable treatment of all vendors. 3. Ensure the maximum value of an acquisition is obtained by determining the total cost of performing the intended function over the lifetime of the task. This may include, but not be limited to, acquisition cost, installation, disposal value and cot, training cost, maintenance cost, quality of performance and environmental impact. 4. P rocure goods and services with due regard to the preservation of the atural environment and to encourage the use of environmentally friendly products and services. Material management Materials management is part of logistics and refers to the location and movement of the physical items or products. There are three main processes associated with materials management spare parts, quality control, and inventory management. Materials management is important in large manufacturing and distribution environments, where there are multiple parts, locations, and significant money invested in these items. The first process in materials management is related to spare parts.A precise business process is required to determine the order point for the spare parts, identify the ideal quantity to order, process receipt of the parts, and then make sure they are in the correct place. Spare parts are integral to the continuing operation of production lines and related equipment. Poor management of thi s process can cause downtime and loss of production. Quality control is a large part of materials management. The creation of material standards, inspections, and returns process is a primary responsibility of the materials management group.All parts and materials must be tested to ensure that a specific level of quality is met. This is typically completed before a purchase order is issued to a supplier, to ensure that the supplier has met the conditions of their contract. It is used to ensure that the company delivers quality products to their customers, and to minimize waste in the production Sources http//www. wdo. ca/files/domain4116/Final%20WDO%20Purchasing%20Policy%20for%20posting. pdf http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/purchasing. html http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-materials-management. htm

Literary criticism Essay

Literature represents a langu suppurate or a mass culture and tradition. But, literature is more important than just a historical or cultural writing. Literature introduces us to new worlds of experience. We learn from books and literature we enjoy the triumphs and the tragedies of poems, stories, and plays and we may even grow through our literary journey with books. In conclusion, we may discover consequence in literature by looking at what the origin says and how he/she says it. We may interpret the authors message. merely we interpret literature, there is still an artistic quality to the works.Literature is important to us because it speaks to us, it is both universal and individual, and in many ways it affects us, for the better. When some people think of the word Literature they think of books like, Walden, Old man and the Sea, Tom Sawyer, Great Expectations, or Moby Dick. These are what some call the classics. While these few books are indeed literature do we subconscio usly judge other books based on the stylings of these few? People believe that the true meaning of Literature, is a literary work in which the readers assessment is opened to new concepts and ideals.For a writing to be called Literature it doesnt have to be visualizeed a absolute nor does it need to follow the same construct as these so called Classics. The book, 11/23/63, is much more of a form of Literature than A history of Two Cities. Based solely on the fact that in the Stephen King novel, he places the thought of, What if? into your mind.. Whereas, A Tale of Two Cities, depicts the plight of the French peasantry in the years leading up to the revolution, as opposed to opening your mind. While A Tale of Two Cities, shows you what life was like in those eons.Stephen King shows you an swop universe in which there was but unitary change, and how that one change affects how history takes its course. When the author helps your mind, explore worlds of endless possibility, or sheds light on a new way to perceive things. That is when the author has created a True work of literary merit. The thing about the term, Literature, is that it doesnt have just one meaning. Literature is comprised of many things, but while Webster definition of Literature is, the production of literary work especially as an occupation. The True meaning is open to interpretation, meaning that one persons definition of the word may be completely different than another persons definition. This is both the great and hideous thing about the term. When scholars classify writing as literature, they often consider it a book or writing that has stood the test of time and despite its age it has surpassed many other great works through history by receiving merit from the scholars, based on their description of the word, influential.You may agree that it should be considered a piece of Literature, if it has done this, and you would be right, but what if it was a great piece of literary art th at didnt become a best vender? And thus was cast into the abyss to be forgotten until stumbled across one day by a mind ready to take in what the author wanted to say. Would you consider it Literature? Or would you just leave it in the abyss because it never became a best seller? Take Moby Dick for example, it is considered to be one of the Great American Novels and a treasure of world literature. However, it never received enough credit to title it a Best seller.One literary work, also helps define my idea of the word Literature, is The Hobbit by J. R. R Tolkien. The reason I consider this a piece of Literature is because of the amount of imagery Tolkien uses to chip in his world to life in the imagination of the reader. In this excerpt from that book, he describes every thought of the characters and his use of imagery helps create the scene in the mind of the reader. The dismal came into the room from the little window that opened in the side of The Hill the firelight flicker ed-it was April-and still they played on, while the shadow of Gandalfs beard wagged against the wall.The dark filled all the room, and the fire died down, and the shadows were lost, and still they played on. And suddenly first one and then another began to sing as they played, mystifying-throated singing of the dwarves in the deep places of their ancient homes and this is like a fragment of their song, if it can be like their song without their music. (The Hobbit, Page 15) Tolkiens justly use of imagery in that transportation system painted a clear picture of what happens while the dwarves sing. However, Splatterpunk also uses powerful imagery to paint pictures.The key difference between the imagery used Splatterpunk and the imagery used in The Hobbit, is how the imagery is used. In the novel, The Cipher, which combined intensely poetic language and lavish grotesqueries, the author, uses imagery to place the pictures into the mind of the reader using powerful and descriptive wor ds. As opposed to Tolkien, who draws upon the readers imagination with basic descriptions to help create a sketch in his mind. Now, many would not consider this a form of Literature due to the lack of personal connection between the story and the reader.However, I consider this book, and even this passage alone, to be a form of Literature solely because it opens my mind to a new world full of adventure and intrigue, while keeping the reader glued to the book during the time he reads. Imagery is a powerful tool for both the author and the reader, for if the author isnt clear with his use of imagery it breaks the readers worry and allows him to be lost within the story, and not in a good way. Tolkien also uses diction to place an image into the readers mind, and he does this in such a way the reader begins to sing the song in his own head.Far over the misty mountains cold To dungeons deep and caverns old We must away, ere break of day, To film our long-forgotten gold. Goblets they c arved there for themselves And harps of gold where no man delves There lay they long, and many a song Was sung unheard by men or elves. The pines were roaring on the height, The winds were moaning in the night. The fire was red, it flaming spread The trees like torches blazed with light (The Hobbit, Page 16) Literature is important to us because it speaks to us, it is both universal and individual, and in many ways it affects us, for the better.In ways we sometimes may never understand. Ultimately, we may discover meaning in literature by looking at what the author says and how he/she says it. We may interpret the authors message in one way, while someone else finds the message a different way. In this way we see how the definition of Literature, is subjective to both the readers own interpretation, and the overall meaning of the work. Because even when it is ugly, literature is beautiful. Sources Cited Tolkien, John R. R. The Hobbit. N. p. George Allen & Unwin, 1937. 15. Web.

Burden Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Streptococcus pneumoniae claims 1 million child deceases every twelvemonth worldwide ( 1 ) . Approximately 90 % of deceases march on in developing states. For every 1 kid that dies of pneumonia in a developed state, more than 2000 kids dice of pneumonia in developing states ( 2 ) .The SAARC states overall atomic number 18 in the z cardinal with spunky incidence of pneumococcal complaint ( 1 ) but no mickle has attempted to happen out the same. The child foreboding(a)ity rate rates ( & lt 5 ) are high in the part runing from 17/1000 for Srilanka to 149/1000 for Afghanistan. Pneumonia claims 11 % of U5 child deceases in India, Maldives, Bangladesh and Pakistan 23 % of U5 child deceases in Afghanistan and 19 % in Bhutan with lowest in Srilanka 6 % . ( 3 ) . Pneumonia is the taking micturate of U5 decease in Pakistan ( 4 ) but exactly 50 % institute hold antibiotic intervention ( 5 ) . The Million Death Study reported that pneumonia accounted for 27A6 % deceases out of e ntire 12260 deceases in kids from 1-59 months ( 6 ) .S. pneumoniae is one of the major causes of fatal pneumonias in kids ( 7 ) . Besides pneumonia S.pn is besides known to do meningitis which is an different fatal status for kids. Many more distempers are to the name of S.pn like acute accent otitis media, joint gushs and bacteraemia etc. Estimates of pneumococcal disease load are needed so as to use the resources for kid endurance.In Bangladesh, the theoretical account predicts a pneumococcal disease incidence of 3351 instances per 100,000 kids junior than 5 old get alongs. A population- found, active-surveillance, active-case sensing survey measured an invasive pneumococcal disease rate of 447 instances per 100,000 kids younger than 5 old ages ( 8 ) . Unfortunately the grounds for appraisal of pneumococcal disease in low/middle income states is less(prenominal). The load of pneumococcal disease is highest in kids and the hoary population in both more and less developed state s. The intervention of pneumococcal infections is complicated by the world-wide outgrowth of opposition to penicillin and other antibiotics ( 9 ) .The pneumococcal conjugate vaccinums are helpful but the effectivity of these vaccinums is dependent upon the pneumococcal disease load and serotype coverage of the vaccinum. ( 10 )AimThe primary aims of this imperious critical review areTo cognize the load of invasive pneumococcal disease.To find the demand for debut of pneumococcal conjugate vaccinum in the immunisation agenda.MethodsWe performed a systematic hunt of the published literature and besides tried to get information about the unpublished literature from miscellaneous research workers of the part.Beginnings of DatasThe hunts were current as of January 2013 and we determine articles with information on pneumococcal invasive disease among kids & lt 5 old ages of age. We searched 3 Databases Pubmed, Embase and The Cochrane library. The mention lists of the obtained articles were farther searched for surveies. Non English articles were non include. The hunt inside informations are devoted in the appendix I. Searching were done by 2 writers ( NJ, HK ) . HK helped in obtaining expert text articles.Definitions UsedSAARC states South Asian Association for Regional Co-Operation includes Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Srilanka and Maldives. institutionalise of pneumococcal disease We have defined load of pneumococcal disease as the buildure of positive pneumococcal isolates from the suspected population.PneumoniaSymptoms cough or difficult external respiration, and marks external respiration & gt 50 breaths per minute for infant aged two months to less than one twelvemonth, take a breathing & gt 40 per minute for kid aged one to five old ages, and no thorax indrawing, stridor or danger marks. ( 11 )Severe pneumoniaSymptoms cough or hard breathing plus any general danger mark or chest indrawing or stridor in a unagitated kid. General danger marks for kids aged two months to five old ages unable to imbibe or suckle pukes everything paroxysms lethargy or unconscious ( 11 ) .Clinical diagnosing of meningitis is more straightforward than that of pneumonia. The commentary of pneumonia is ground on the incorporate direction of childhood infections ( IMCI ) attack, which includes other ague lower respiratory tract infections and deficiencies specificity. In add-on, aetiologic diagnosing of bacterial pathogens is easier in CSF than in blood.Meningitis ( 11 )Suspected Any individual with sudden oncoming of febrility ( & gt 38.5 AC rectal or & gt 38.0 AC axillary ) and one of the undermentioned marks cervix stiffness, altered consciousness or other meningeal mark.Probable A suspected instance with cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) examination demoing at least one of the followerscloudy visual aspect leucocytosis ( & gt 100 cells/mm3 ) leucocytosis ( 10-100 cells/ mm3 ) AND either an elevated protein ( & gt 100 mg/dl ) or lessen glucose ( & lt 40 mg/dl ) .Confirmed A instance that is laboratory-confirmed by turning ( i.e. culturing ) or placing ( i.e. by Gram discoloration or antigen sensing methods ) a bacterial pathogen ( Hib, Diplococcus pneumoniae or meningococcus ) in the CSF or from the blood, in a kid with a clinical syndrome consistent with bacterial meningitis ( WHO, 2003 ) .Non Pneumonia Non Meningitis All infections other than pneumonia and meningitis have been categorized under this header.Invasive Pneumococcal disease When Diplococcus pneumoniae has been identified from one of the otherwise unfertile sites of the organic structure like blood, CSF, pleural fluid etc either by civilization or by LAT/PCR or other technique.The surveies where the defined instances have some other parametric quantities or if there were some other standards no effort was made to standardise them.Inclusion standardsSurveies prospective/retrospective with kids & lt 5years of age as /or portion o f the studied population.Surveies done in infirmary or community scene.Surveies with possible informations on hand(predicate) on S.pneumoniae unaffectionate from kids & lt 5 old ages of age.Surveies with at least 12 months of surveillance were included in order to get the better of the seasonal nature of pneumococcal diseases.Surveies conducted in SAARC states.The inclusion was headstrong by 2 writers ( NJ, KK ) and choice appraisal was done by 2 writers ( NJ, KK ) . Discrepancies, if any, were firm by treatment with 3rd writer ( MS ) and the finding of fact was considered concluding.If the exact information was non available we have contacted the writers and tried to decide the disagreements The surveies which have commented merely on pneumococcal serotypes & A /or antibiotic opposition have been excluded from pooled analysis. We excluded instance studies, columns, vaccinum surveies, literature reappraisals and the surveies in which nasopharyngeal aspirates, pharynx swabs or oropharyngeal swabs were the lone samples to find the abortifacient creation.Data aggregation and directionThree writers ( BE AK, SS ) abstracted informations individually from the included surveies in a predesigned tabular array that included survey design, puting, no. of suspected instances, no. civilization samples interpreted & amp positive civilizations obtained, and no. positive civilizations for Diplococcus pneumoniae.The information from Hospital based surveies and population based surveies were abstracted individually. To decide the disagreements sing the abstracted informations treatment with the other referees were done and consensus was reached. Sing some losing informations the writers were contacted and if the disagreements were non resolved they were non taken up for pooled analysis.The community based surveies available merely give information about pneumococcal pneumonia instances in the community.Datas analysisData analysis was done utilizing CMA V2 by 4 write rs ( NJ, MS, KK, and AA ) . The similar surveies were pooled together. Sub stem analysis for finding the IPD load in India was done and besides sub-group analysis for finding IPD in kids & lt 5 old ages was done.The community based surveies, infirmary based prospective and retrospective surveies have besides been analyzed individually.ConsequencesDatas reviewedWe found 700 published articles through electronics and manual searching. After rubric and abstract testing 40 full text articles were retrieved and 21 surveies ( 8, 12-31 ) were included for the reappraisal and 19 were excluded ( 32-50 ) ( build 1 )Community based surveies were non available from Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan & A Srilanka. Because the life conditions are about same and there is besides geographic similarity we have considered the surveies from Bangladesh and Pakistan as representative of the SAARC states.Similarly there were no infirmary based surveies from Afghanistan and Bhutan so we have taken the surveies from remainder of the states and generalized them for these states.We have included a sum of 21 surveies for this systematic reappraisal & A mentioned in tabular array I. The inclusion was decided by 3 writers ( MS, NJ, KK ) and quality marking was done by 3 writers ( MS, NJ, KK ) . The surveies with mark of 6 or more were considered to be good quality grounds.Hospital ground Prospective SurveiesSAARC statesWe identified 15 infirmary based prospective surveies ( 12-19, 22, 24-27, 29, 31 ) from assorted SAARC states and analyzed them for finding the invasive pneumococcal disease load in kids populating in these states and besides did a subgroup analysis for kids less than 5 old ages of age.These surveies show that 3.5 % ( 95 % CI 1.9-6.4 ) of kids admitted to infirmaries with diagnosing of invasive diseases like appalling pneumonia or meningitis or sepsis are referable to S. pn ( name 3 ) . Eight surveies ( 13, 15, 16, 18, 24-27 ) show that 1.5 % ( 95 % CI 0.6-3.4 ) of kids admitted as irritating pneumonia have S. pn as the causative being ( Fig 5 ) . Ten surveies ( 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29 ) of the included surveies show that 7.6 % ( 95 % CI 4.1-13.7 ) of kids with likely or confirmed meningitis have S.pn as a causative being ( fig 7 ) . S.pn is one of the major bacteriums doing 20 % ( 95 % CI 12.9-29.9 ) of invasive bacterial diseases ( fig 4 ) . 11 % ( 95 % CI 6.5-17.9 ) of terrible bacterial pneumonia are caused by S.pn ( fig 6 ) . S.pn has been an aetiologic agent in 33.1 % ( 95 % CI 23.1-44.8 ) instances of bacterial meningitis ( fig 8 ) .Children less than 5 old ages of ageOut of the 15 surveies merely 11 surveies ( 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24-27, 29, 31 ) have opened information on invasive pneumococcal disease in kids less 5 old ages of age. The surveies show that S.pn causes 2.7 % ( 95 % CI 1.1-6.2 ) hospitalizations due to all invasive disease in kids & lt 5 old ages of age ( fig 9 ) . Merely 7 surveies ( 13, 15, 18, 24-27 ) had clear information on pneumococcal pneumonia in kids & lt 5 old ages of age and showed that 1.5 % ( 95 % CI 0.5-4.3 ) of terrible pneumonias are due to S.pn ( fig 11 ) . Similarly 6 surveies ( 17, 22, 24, 26, 29 ) showed that S.pn is the being responsible for 7.1 % ( 95 % CI 2.6-17.5 ) meningitis instances in the age group ( fig 13 ) .S.pn remains the major bacterial cause of all invasive diseases in kids U5 old ages of age doing 19.2 % ( 95 % CI 11.5-30.3 ) of invasive bacterial diseases ( fig 10 ) . 10.8 % ( 95 % CI 6.4-17.6 ) terrible bacterial pneumonias are due to S.pn ( fig 12 ) and 35.1 % ( 95 % CI 22.1-50.8 ) of pyogenic meningitis is due to S.pn. ( fig 14 ) .BharatWe found 9 surveies from India ( 12-19, 22 ) which showed that S.pn causes 7.9 % ( 95 % CI 3.8-15.7 ) of invasive diseases in kids ( fig 15 ) . S.pn has been an aetiologic agent in 3.9 % ( 95 % CI 1.2-11.7 ) kids with terrible pneumonia ( fig 17 ) and is besides a major bacterial cause of pneumonia in kids do ing 14 % ( 95 % CI 5.8-30.1 ) of bacterial pneumonias ( fig 18 ) . S.pn has been a causative agent in 10.4 % ( 95 % CI 5.8-18.1 ) of kids with meningitis ( fig 19 ) and once more a major bacterial cause of pyogenic meningitis ( fig 20 ) . The hospital prevalence of S.pn in Indian kids is more than that of all other SAARC states.Children less than 5 old ages of ageFive surveies ( 13, 15, 17, 18, 22 ) gave clear information on pneumococcal diseases in kids under 5 twelvemonth of age in India. The image does non alter in this age group of Indian kids where S.pn is prevailing in 8.2 % ( 95 % CI 4.1-16.6 ) of all hospitalized kids with suspected invasive bacterial disease ( fig 21 ) and S.pn becomes a major bacterial cause of invasive bacterial diseases with 21.2 % ( 95 % CI 9.4-41.0 ) of all invasive bacterial diseases are due to S.pn ( fig22 ) . 5.4 % ( 95 % CI 2-14.1 ) of terrible pneumonias in infirmary wards are due to S. pn ( fig 23 ) & A 16.5 % ( 95 % CI 12.8-16.2 ) meningitis in kids less than 5 old ages describing to infirmaries are due to pneumococcus. In 13.6 % ( 95 % CI 5.5-29.8 ) of all bacterial pneumonia ( fig 24 ) & A 39.3 % ( 95 % CI 27.5-52.6 ) of pyogenic meningitis ( fig 26 ) S.pn has been uncaring and is a major cause of these diseases in India.Hospital Based Retrospective SurveiesTwo infirmary based retrospective surveies ( 21, 28 ) from India were included in this reappraisal. The pooling of these surveies together showed that 15.5 % ( 95 % CI 0.5-88 ) of invasive pneumococcal disease instances amongst the entire admitted patients with invasive bacterial diseases ( Fig 27 ) . The assurance intervals for this group are broad because one survey ( 21 ) which is merely on bacterial meningitis and has a little sample size with comparatively more proportion of pneumococcal isolates.Population Based SurveiesFour surveies ( 8, 20, 23, 30 ) from the SAARC states were included in the reappraisal. These surveies are from Pakistan and Bangladesh. Thes e surveies merely discuss the kids under 5 old ages of age. These surveies show that approximately 13.4 % ( 95 % CI 6.7-25 ) of all invasive bacterial diseases in community are due to S. pn ( fig 29 )Inference of all the analysisThe consequence from the population based surveies ( 13.4 % ) is like to that from the infirmary based prospective surveies ( 19 % ) and besides to those obtained from retrospective surveies ( 15.5 % ) . The pneumococcal disease prevalence in SAARC states varies between 13 % 19 % of all invasive bacterial diseases.DiscussionOur findings show that S. pn is prevailing in 19 % of all hospitalizations in kids of SAARC states and is hence one of the major cause of concern every bit far as child wellness is concerned. Pooling the Indian surveies we found that pneumococcal diseases are 25 % of all invasive bacterial diseases in kids of India. These figures might be an underestimation of the current state of affairs as the surveies discuss merely hospitalized inst ances, the milder signifiers whitethorn travel unreported. S.pn is a major bacterial cause for terrible pneumonia and besides for pyogenic meningitis in kids of this part. The community based surveies besides show that in 13 % of bacterial instances were due to S.pn but once more these surveies besides discussed the terrible diseases merely and did non describe the milder signifiers.The consequences of our reappraisal are comparable to other reappraisals ( 1 ) which showed high prevalence of pneumococcal diseases in India. The consequences of community based surveies show that __ % of all bacterial invasive diseases in community are due to pneumococcus which is comparable to the consequence from the infirmary based prospective surveies.An unpublished information from one site of a multicentric test ( ISPOT survey ) from India showed that approx 38 % of kids with terrible pneumonia ( Radiologically confirmed ) had S. pn isolated from the nasopharyngeal aspirates or pharynx swabs. The survey besides showed that unwritten Amoxil administered at place was effectual in handling terrible pneumonia. The No Shots survey from Pakistan ( 51 ) concluded that place intervention with high dose unwritten Amoxil in instances of terrible pneumonia is tantamount to WHO recommendations of hospitalizations and i/v antibiotics. Similarly in another survey from Pakistan showed that local wellness workers were able to handle terrible pneumonia instances at place with high dosage Amoxil ( 52 ) .Survey from Bangladesh ( 53 ) reports the rhinal passenger car rate of 47 % and besides reports the early colonisation in rural population. The survey besides reports that 69 % of invasive strains were insubordinate to cotrimoxazole.The ANSORP survey reported 41 % non-susceptible strains to penincillin in Srilanka and approximately 4 % in India ( 54 ) . The IBIS survey ( 16 ) reported 60 % opposition to chloramphenicol, Principen, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or erythromycin with 32 % iso lates resistant to more than 3 antimicrobic drugs. Kunango et Al ( 55 ) reported that out of 150 clinical isolates from invasive pneumococcal infections, merely 11 ( 7.3 % ) isolates were comparatively resistant to penicillin, although 64 were immune to one or more antibiotics particularly cotrimoxazole, Achromycin and Chloromycetin. In the ISCAP test ( 56 ) the opposition form of S. pneumoniae to assorted antibiotics was cotrimoxazole 66.3 % , chloramphenicol 9.0 % , oxacillin 15.9 % and erythromycin 2.8 % .So the antibiotic opposition becomes another menace.In India, the most common serogroups colonising the nasopharynx of kids are 6, 14, 19, and 15 ( 38, 57 ) . IBIS survey ( 16 ) studies serotype 1,6 and 19 to be the most common serotypes isolated from either blood or CSF samples of the kids with invasive disease. Rijal et Al ( 49 ) found that serotypes 1,5 & A 4 were most normally isolated from the patients of IPD and besides reported that 52 % of isolates were immune to cotrim oxazole.DecisionThe systematic reappraisal concludes that S. pneumoniae is a major bacterial cause of invasive bacterial diseases in kids of SAARC states. The outgrowth of immune strains of Diplococcus pneumoniae are indicating towards the demand for revisiting the intervention recommendations and besides do a call for explicating preventative steps to decrease the prevalence of invasive pneumococcal diseases. The usage of antibiotic which is less immune and easy to administrate should be considered. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccinum, after cognizing the prevalent serotypes and there coverage, should be considered by the policy shapers.Conflict of Interests none statedRole of the Funding Agency The reappraisal was supported and funded by ICMR, New Delhi. The support bureau did non interfere with the reappraisal procedure or the consequences.Recognitions We would paying attention to thank Dr. Samir K Saha ( ICDDR, Bangladesh ) , Dr. Z.A. Bhutta & A Dr S.Q. Nizami ( AKU, Karachi, Paki stan ) for supplying us with their publications on pneumonia we would besides wish to thank Dr. Kay Dickerson of John Hopkins University U.S. for assisting us with the statistical methods.

Organ Donation Essay

electric organ DonationThe process of taking functional reed variety meat and t show ups from angiotensin converting enzyme person for transplantation into an another(prenominal) individual is called organ donation. Whereas, each part of the personify that performs a different and special function is referred to as an organ. Transplantation takes places quite successfully today between well-matched human beings. majority of the organ recipients argon able to live five or more years. Skin, cornea, bone marrow and kidney transplants are the most common today. Moreover, lung and heart transplants are in any case gaining precedence. In commonplace terms, organ donation is the removal of working, healthy organs from the body of an individual who had pledged while being alive that his organs could be donated to a person requiring it. Usually the tissues or organs are taken out in a manner similar to surgery. Moreover, all the incisions are close up at the end. Organ donors washst and include people of all ages. It is not restricted to any particular group, nor is it restricted to any certain age limit. In the present era, organ transplantation is widely recognized as of the most gripping medical checkup advancements. It is almost the elixir of life to individuals with deteriorating organs who require other fellow beings to donate them organs.With the increasing cases of organ failure in society and the insufficient outdoow of organs, there is an enormous gap between organ supply and organ demand. Subsequently, it takes ages for a person with deteriorating organs to get functioning organs from another being. Moreover, numerous deaths have been reported in that waiting. Thus, these in timets have aroused moral, societal and ethical concerns regarding the allocation of organs, supply and the use of surviving donors as volunteers,including those who qualify as minors. Unfortunately, it has spurred the practice of selling organs by money-makers for their own monetary gains and vested interests in many parts of the world by exploiting the poor. This has spurred corrupt practices where organ donation is concerned (Shroff, 2009). While we are on the subject of organ donation, an ethical issue is the procurement of organs and tissues. Firstly, this includes the buying and selling of human organs and tissues There are some people who desire that human organs and tissues ought to be bought and sell in order to quantify the supply and show deference for other peoples autonomy. On the other hand, there are people who believe that treating any part of the body like a saleable good is a violation of human dignity. Organ donation has evolved considerably in the outlast 50 years. Following is a history of the procurement of organs and tissues. Successful transplantation of various organsInitially, organ transplantation started with kidneys, but now it has alter to lungs, livers, hearts and other organs. It has slowly evolved to encompass variou s parts of the body. Progress in organ donation and cadaveric practicesTo decide who merchantman donate organs has been a continuously evolving process. Firstly, it started with living donors and later moved on to include dead and brain dead donors. Even today, there are debates about maturation and limiting the qualified donors. In the year of 2001, the surviving donors managed to even outnumber cadaveric donors. This was a milestone in the history of the United States. Formulation of anti-rejection drugs to sharpen development and success The formulation of anti-rejection drugs has compounded the success of organ transplants. In the 1960s and 1970s, immunosuppressant drugs were used to increase the success rate of organ transplants (Flaman, 2008). Cyclosporine was stumbled upon in the 1980s. It greatly improved the success rate for patients undergoing transplants. The overall results were also improved. A phenomenon called xenotransplantation also became well-known this entail s the usage of animal organs for human transplantation. Subsequently, the stolon xenotransplantation was conductedin 1986. This breakthrough means of transplantation started gaining popularity and researchers started performing more intensive studies on it. The number of people who required organ transplantation started to multiply. The discovery of the first artificial organsIn the 1980, the first artificial heart transplant took place which was followed closely by the Ameri plenty public and the news media. This fundamentally involved segmenting organs into pieces (either from cadaveric donors or surviving donors). In 1996, the first split liver transplant too place. It permitted one cadaveric liver to be used among several(prenominal) patients who required a transplant. Stem cell research This fundamentally involves the examination of human embryo and adults cell in an endeavor to find out how organs are development and what stimulates their development. There are certain ethica l concerns regarding how organs and tissues are obtained. For instance a pharmaceutic company in France buys placentas from 110 Canadian hospitals in order to produce blood products and vaccines. However, there are some poor people in countries, such(prenominal) as India, who sell their kidneys for $700 or even more than that. There have also been cases reported in India where people have gained consciousness after(prenominal) a kidnapping incident, only to discover that one of their organs has been removed in that process (Caplan, 2010).In regards to this issue, there are people who draw a deviance between waste matter of humans, certain body parts that happen to regenerate such as blood and non-regenerative human organs such as kidneys. There are many people who differentiate profit making from covering the donors expenses. If a donor has to pay for organs, this can rear undue pressure on him. It nullifies a contract or free consent. There are some people who are also fearful o f the incident that if the buying and selling of organs became a notorious business, then it would undermine the nobility associated with organ transplants. It could be detrimental if the organ just went to the highest bidder. The equity would be compromised upon as donating organs would depend upon the ability to pay rather than finding out how they should be distributed. There are some people who argue that this can be brought under control by monitoring sales. If the buying and selling of organs and human tissues is completely restricted, then it would drive the market underground. Since there are numerous controversies associated withthe buying and selling of human parts, there are many who believe that other alternatives should be adopted (Thomas, 2009). Media PublicityThere are several instances when an organ or tissue is acquired for a person by showcasing their need through the media. This could negate the other transplant channels through which it is normally obtained. Mor eover, the coiffe criterion of selecting recipients, which is usually done on the basis of greatest needs and greater likelihood of benefit, can also be overlooked. However, publicity through media creates knowingness in the public domain about the need for transplants and in the long run will increase the supply of organs and tissues. Voluntary consent basically entails a person making an intended offer to donate their organs after their demise. In the case of cadaver donation, a person can sexual their consent by advanced directives, such as by filling out the Universal Donor Card, part of their drivers license. When the transplant is from a living donor, free consent is necessitated. However, it is best to have established consent regarding a deceased donor because this act exhibits love and responsible stewardship over ones body. Moreover, it also communicates the wishes of health care professionals and family to the individual as well as others. When there is no pre-existing consent, the person who holds responsibility for the dead body should be approached regarding donation. It is imperative that the wish of the deceased person should be upheld. Medical ethics in organ donation has become imperative.This is basically a establishment comprising of moral principles that applies judgments and values to the process of organ donation. Autonomy is the sole prerogative of the individual to choose what happens to him/her even if this means dying in the process. In this regard, even if a person wishes to contribute his organs to another and thus die, he should not be prevented from doing so. On the other hand, fidelity entails adhering to the choices of someone, even if paying no heed to them would save another persons life. Confidentiality means protecting the names of the donor from being let out in public or as per the desire of the patient. Hence, if a person prefers to remain unnamed while consenting to donate organs, his wish should be upheld. The team performing the transplantation can ask questions, but foremost it is imperative to prioritize the desire of the patient over anyone else (Truog, 2005).In order to address the ethical issues associated with organ donation utter above, it is important for health care professionals to be acquainted with the meaning of organ and tissue donation. They should be well-versed with the procedure of organ donation and to perform it in the best and most efficient manner possible. It would also be a good idea to render training to members of the health care team so that they can approach potential donors and families in a sensitive manner. To facilitate the process smoothly, they should be able enough to provide the necessary social and personal substitute during the process of mourning. Providers of health care also need to learn that respecting a dead person is a prerequisite of our humanity. It is also pertinent to mention that any reference to the deceased should be done with utmost sensi tivity and using the most appropriate names. Furthermore, to compound the potential for transplants, providers of health care have a fundamental duty of raising the general level of awareness of needs. It should be done in a way that protects the rights and privacy of the patient, does not tamper with the medical process in any way and also does not remove attention from other urgent matters (NHMRC, 2012).ReferencesShroff, Sunil, NCBI Legal and ethical aspects of organ donation and transplantation, (2009), Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779960/Flaman, Paul, Organ and Tissue Transplants Some ethical issues, (2008), Retrieved from http//www.ualberta.ca/pflaman/organtr.htmTruog, Robert, The Ethics of Organ Donation by living Donors, (2005), Retrieved from http//www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp058155Thomas, Chris, Ethics around Organ Donation, (2009), Retrieved from https//www.chf.org.au/pdfs/hvo/hvo-2008-1-ethics-organ-donation.pdfNHMRC, Donating organs a fter death, (2012), Retrieved from http//www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/e29.pdfCaplan, Arthur, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Ethical and Practical Issues, (2010), Retrieved from http//www.upenn.edu/ldi/issuebrief2_5.html

Importance to the play Essay

Write a letter from the director to the actor feedacting a vitrine you get studied, in which you advise him/her active the role he/she will be shirking and its importance to the play. Congratulations for your excellent audition for the role of the examiner in the performance An inspector calls. You have been chosen to play this role because out of all the actors we auditioned, your performance showed certain qualities require to play the part of the inspector. For example the inspector must have a strong and domineering character to show that he is in control of the others throughout the section of the play where he is at the house.The inspector must also come across as quite eerie and ghostlike at times. J. B. hieratical was born 13 September 1894, Bradford, West riding of Yorkshire and he died August 14th 1984 aged 89. He wrote many books and also had his only radio broadcast during the war. He wanted this particular production to be set in 1912, this is because it fits i n with certain things that are mentioned in the play, for instance at the beginning when birle is delivering his speech displaying his narrow-minded opinion of the war, Titanic and other political views.If a modern version of the play was to be performed, then he wouldnt be able to do this and therefore we wouldnt have that particular information on Birling which really shows his character and how he is a capitalist and believes that he should look out for himself and his family and considers as and okay thing to do to pay his workers as little as possible because they cant walk out or argue with him as they have nowhere else to work.This is important in the play, because The Inspector is the person that tries to make Birling change and perchance become more(prenominal) affectionateist and realise that there are other people in the world and I rally that the way that the Inspector arrives immediately after he has delivered this speech to the rest of the Birling family, that the Eva/Daisy story could possibly have just been a story until he refused to change his ways. I think that the point of the play was that the Inspector had come to the Birlings house to try to change them and make them better people, and they were told about Eva/Daisy and then they were given the option to change.I think that if Birling and Mrs Birling and Gerald had also realised that they call for to change (like Sheila and Eric) then they wouldnt have received the second phone call. Capitalism is a social and economic system which means that a person believes in class and social groups and believes that they should be opulent from one another, and believes that if you want to make yourself richer then you can, also these people will not want to pull off themselves with people poorer or people from a lower-class background than themselves. The characters in the play that have been chosen to represent this are Mr & Mrs Birling and Gerald.

British Culture Chaoxiaoqian

My questions are Why does capital of Montana stay with appreciate and leave treasure, why does Alison come foul to prise. These are genuinely tricky questions like twisted twines. here(predicate) I just air my views, expecting to be complemented by yours. The reasons for capital of Montana staying with Jimmy might be probed from the avocationSuperficially looking, Jimmy is a person basically worth while.Jimmy is a young piece of music with education, ideas and penetrating insights. Alison breaking through her familys strong obstacles to marry Jimmy from side reflects Jimmys charms and attractions. Jimmy butt againstms a inwrought desire and magnet for women if his working-class background?poverty and walled situations are ignored for the moment. As capital of Montana express she took Jimmy to herself because she finds that she desires him and wants to have him for a time.It is an outburst of impulse catalyzed by special occasions. At that time, without digs, Helena had an appointment on the next day and had to lodge in Jimmys attic Jimmy is then immersed in bereavement without comfort while Allison and Cliff left him successively. Witnessing Jimmys bitterness and helplessness, out of her female compassionate nature, Helena offered Jimmy her hand and herself as well. For solace and release, Jimmy dramatically accepted his natural enemy. Thus the twain naturally and reasonably moved to complicateher.Exploring the in-depth reason, Helenas staying with Jimmy might be considered as a challenge she do for herself driven by her instincts of curiosity and conquest. Helena cherished to make out why the seemingly harmonious couple always brawl and torture each other, why Jimmy is always angry? disgruntled and cynical,always trying hard to be offensive, provocative, irritating. Determined by her inborn authoritative personality and her bourgeoisie disceptation to sustain the positioning quo,she takes Jimmy as a challenge and an try out, an enemy territo ry to conquer, to justify her middle-class convictions and consciousness. She expects Jimmy to be changed, back into normal, behaving like anyone else and taking human beings like a real globe. open?romantic and over-confident as Helena is, she fails to change Jimmy. Conversely and ironically, she was within an inch of macrocosm changed. Helena was necessarily to lose the war because Jimmys anger was socially deep-rooted. He had the complex of inferiority and superiority. He showed contempt for unlearned Cliff, irony for educated Alison. He was well educated, but his situation was no better than the two he looked down upon. It was an affliction and sarcasm to him. He lived at the sea of isolation?desperation and inarticulate agony. Without being heard or understood. He found no target to attack, therefore everything became his target. Jimmy was a man born out of his time. To change Jimmy Helena should change the times first. It is difficult and impossible for Helena to change t he time, and so with Jimmy. To bridge the systematic and fathomless class and value gap was never a smooth task and doomed to be futile and fruitless.Jimmy and Helenas combination was the effect of passionate impulse. It was a flesh of insanity or wrong-doings as Helena herself later commented. Once waken up from the dream, the end of their congeneric was approaching. Helena was a woman of conventionality by nature, she couldnt forget the book of rules anytime. She still believed in in force(p) and wrong Gnawed by the worm of conscience and sense of guilt, she cant be able without the book of rules, she cant be happy when what youre doing is wrong, or is hurting someone else.Moreover she lost the war waged against changing Jimmy, the war to restore everything into normal. Unless Jimmy and Helena dont confront with each other face to face, or they will certainly fall into the pass on of war, the war of ideas, class, values, social reality. There was no middle road to compromise . Helenas exeuntting also meant she lost the war against conventionality, against status quo. Her story is more than a morality one, it further proved every desire or attempt to change the suffocate and inanimate society over-confident and all for naught. Everyone would inevitably subordinate himself to conventionality.My understanding of Alisons return is explained as suchAlison might feel regret about her past behaviors. Though she is the seeming victim of Jimmys absurd assault, she knows that Jimmy has reason to do so on her. After her abortion, something dormant was aroused from the bottom of her mall and she came back to Jimmy, though shilly-shally. As a young woman, she is a monument of non-attachment. She hasnt had a thought for historic period She is a woman in her 20s without enthusiasm, animation and sincerity. Nothing Jimmy could do would provoke her. Her union with Jimmy was a kind of physical and responsive affinity rather than mental and spiritual one. She was nic knamed as gentlewoman Pusillanimous by Jimmy.Moreover, as a middle-class woman by nature, she kept her arrogant and uppish agency in communicating with the working-class people which was especially exposed when she wrote letter to her mother, discussed Jimmy with her father and Helena, refused to see the dying Mrs. Hugh with Jimmy. She had the sense of inborn class superiority which is a fatal and permanent weapon to naked Jimmy. She did betray Jimmy in a sense. In a word, she has never given herself to her husband with the verity which she knew he demanded and needed. Actually, she knew she should shoulder some responsibility for Jimmys anger and offered Jimmy more understanding and communication. The problem of their marriage was not sheer Jimmys fault.Alison left Jimmy in hunt of peace and relaxation. Tortured by Jimmys falsify allegiance and loyalty demands for her, Alison wanted to escape from the role of hostage and the war Jimmy declared on those sections of society. Bu t Alison never succeeded in escape. Things didnt go in the way as she expected.Alisons coming back could be interpreted as a subjugation to conventionality?reality and failure of Ostrichism. Alison is easily to get used to everything and she is also on the verge of burst. Tortured by Jimmys distorted allegiance and loyalty demands for her, Alison wanted to escape from the role of hostage and the war Jimmy declared on those sections of society. She leaves Jimmy, in pursuit of peace and relaxation. But Alison never succeeded in escape. Things didnt go in the way as she expected.Her abortion brings her fog and disillusionment, awakening something dormant in her heart. She then clearly sees a depressing?aimless?hopeless and hopeless reality, without light and outlet. By then she understood Jimmys anger and discontent to some extent. Without a bright future, Alison had to fall back to the past, though vague, remote and suspended it is. She wanted to find herself a position in the conv entional and habitual role of wife. The unpleasant past seems a more lovely memento In comparison with the suffocating and smoldering reality.Finally Alison and Jimmy decide to pick up the bear-squirrel game. It is a seeming communiqu by Alison and Jimmy, protesting the reality and fighting against the cruel steel traps, lying about everywhere, just waiting for rather mad, slightly satanic, and very timid little animals. This could be regarded as a faint flicker of hope offered by the protagonists who had a in-depth perception and understanding of life.

History of DES Essay

diethylstilboestrol was proposed in 1975 and approved in 1977 as a federal information processing measuring rod. It was criticized by the race who felt that its 56 key lengths to be insecure. In spite of this, stilbesterol remained a solid encryption algorithm until mid 1990. In the year 1998 summer, the insecurity of stilbesterol was demonstrated when a $ 250,000 computing machine which was built by the electronic frontier foundation decrypted a DES-encoded message in 56 hours. This was improve in the 1999 to 2002 hours through a combination of 100,000 ne cardinalrked personal computers and the EFF machine.DES remains a de facto standard unless a substitute is found (Landau, 2000, p. 341). A certified DES is obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This good Encryption Standard (AES) works in three key lengths 128, 192, and 256 bits. The publication of DES indicated a invigorated era in cryptography. The development in the community of publi c cryptographers was enhanced by having an algorithm availableness of study that the national security agent certified to be secure (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The (DES) Data Encryption Standard.A system that encrypts quickly but is essentially what is impossible to break is all what cryptographers have always wanted. humankind key systems have captured the imagination of mathematicians because of their reliance on elementary number theory. Public key algorithms atomic number 18 apply for establishing a key because they atomic number 18 too slow to be used for most entropy transmissions. Private key system does the encryption because they are typically faster than public key ones (Landau, 2000, p. 341). The selective information Encryption Standard (DES) workhorse uses private key algorithm besides relying on cryptanalytic design principles that foredate public key.The RC4 in web browsers and the relatively insecure cable TV signal encryption are an exception to DES. DES is the most widely used public cryptosystem in the world. It is the cryptographic algorithm which is used by banks for electronic funds transfer. It is also used for the protection of civilian satellite communications. Still, a unhomogeneous of DES is used for UNIX password protection. There are three operation of the DES which involves XOR, substitution and permutation. The DES is an interrelated block work and a cryptosystem on a block of symbols that sequentially repeats an internal single-valued function which is called a rape.It encrypts data by the use of a primitive that operates on a block of symptoms of lead size. Self invert ability is also essential to enable one of the objects to encrypt and decrypt. When encrypting ordinary schoolbook, DES begins by grouping the text into 64 bit block. A number of operations are performed by the DES on for each one block (Landau, 2000, p. 343). The transformation of how the block is to be carried out is determined by a single key of 56 bits. DES iterates sixteen identical rounds of mixing each round of DES uses a 48-bit sub key. The DES begins with an initial permutation P and ends with its inverse.The permutations are of minor cryptographic implications but forms part of the official algorithm. The selection of sub keys starts by splitting the 56-bit key into two 28-bit halves and rotating each half one or two bits either one bit in rounds 1, 2, 9, and 16 or two bits otherwise. The two halves are put back together and then 48 particular bits are chosen and put in order (Landau, 2000, p. 343). Attacks of DES The selection of DES was followed by protests in which object lesson some of the researchers appeared to object to the algorithm small key space.Investors in the key public cryptography claimed that a DES encoded message could be broken in about a day by a $ 20 million machine made up of a million specially designed VLSI adapted of searching one key per microsecond while working in parallel. The use of a mee t in the middle attack to break a four round version of DES did not report past seven rounds (Landau, 2000, p. 345). This is evidence that, for all these attacks none of them posed a serious threat to the DES. former(a) attacks on the DES were performed to poke harder to the innards of DES.This brought anomalies which led to the first attacks that were seen to be more theoretically cleanse than exhaustive search. The attacks were against the block structure system and the need of all block-structured cryptosystems needed to be designed to be secure against differential and linear cryptanalysis. There is a strong attack to DES which is differential cryptanalysis. This is manifestly known to the algorithms designers. In order to design a secure cryptosystems, there is a need for a mixture of well known principles, some theorems and the presence of some magic.Attacks on a cryptosystem fall into two categories which are passive attacks and active attacks. The passive attacks are the ones which adversely monitors the communication channel. They are usually easier to climb up although they yield less. The active attacks have the adversary transmitting messages to obtain information (Landau, 2000, p. 342). The aim of the attackers is to determine the unsheathedtext from the cipher text which they capture. A more successful attack will determine the key and thus via media a whole set of messages.By designing their algorithms, cryptographers help to resist attacks such as cipher text only attack whose adversary has access to the encrypted communications. The known plain text attack which has its adversary has some plain text and its corresponding cipher text. The third attack which dissolve be avoided is the chosen text attack and its adversary chooses the plain text for encryption or decryption. The plain text chosen by the adversary depends on the cipher text received from the previous requests (Landau, 2000, p. 342).

Intrinsic Motivation Essay

Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is scholarship ontogenesis in which people acquire a new lecture more(prenominal) commonly cognize as succor run-in in addition to their native tongue. The indorse linguistic communication is often referred as target linguistic process or L2. In addition, aid manner of speaking denotes any new row check after early childhood geezerhood. This means subsequently rows learned i. e.third or fourth nomenclature is still referred to as second wording. A number of soulal and surroundingsal instruments whitethorn affect the end to learn a second style. Examples of such factors include family influences, social companys or peers, instructors, school, age, and self-concept. An exclusive may postdate a hit the books on acquiring a second language adroitness for various reasons and motivations.In a count of UK and European stu dings, it has been stated that the reasons a student pursues a champaign a irrelevant language argon the following 1) to be subject to develop a cargoner advantage for opportunities in the future 2) a students personal inclination to learn the language 3) to be open to learn and appreciate to cultural differences 4) for an enhanced comprehension of the culture where the language is used 5) and to be able to reside in nations where the language is used.The current get a lineer booklet aims to help the SLA teacher increase the internal motivation of SLA learners by presenting sundry topics, including attitudes and motivation in second language learnedness clarifying wild beliefs more or less language learning what the SLA teacher ought to focus on sources of language foreboding the learning environment as source of language anxiety variables of self- dominance socio-psychological issues of language anxiety and self-confidence instructor-learner interaction and schoolroom procedures and interpretation of educator beliefs on language learning.Attitudes and penury in Second Language Learning In the book Attitudes and motivation in second language learning, Gardner and Lambert (1972) hurt identified Integrative Motivation and Instrumental Motivation as the common reason for a students desire to study a second language. In the context of language learning, a learner may pursue the study of English such as a second language because of ones desire to break in abroad as sanitary as for travel purposes.The learners practical rule for acquiring a second language is referred to as instrumental motivation. On the former(a) hand, a person may pursue the study of English language in order to successfully integrate inwardly the community where one is currently living. The learners purpose weed be referred to as integrative motivation. Following a learners utilitarian purpose, the clear benefit of acquiring English as second language is to deal a competitive edge in the labor market. Such skills are very valuable as businesses are increasingly becoming glo bal.In fact, professionals who are fluent multilingual speakers have the competitive edge compared to monolingual speakers. In addition, travel and migration of people has becoming a festering trend in recent years prompting a necessity to ascertain and integrate deep d testify the society which one lives in. Given that there a targetifi keistert number of SLA learners, it is worthwhile to examine how the teacher may be able to increase the confidence and intrinsic motivation and lessen the anxiety of the SLA learner. explicate Erroneous Beliefs round Language LearningHorwitz, Horwitz & Cope (1986) believe that the problem of anxiety and the accompanying chimerical beliefs about language learning, as discussed in their literature focusing on schoolroom anxiety, represent heavy impediments to the development of second language fluency as well as to performance. In their discussion of clinical experience with anxiety as a barrier to second language development, they categori ze this personality factor as that of apprehension, worry and thus far dread and anxious language learners often have backbreakingy concentrating, plough forgetful, sweat, and have palpitations.Further, Chang, Horwitz, and Schallert (1999) make get laidn that there are generally two types or constructs of anxiety, which are re deeplyd to to second language learning in both(prenominal) speaking and composing. The report suggests that second language straighten outroom anxiety refers to the anxiety entangle by students in interacting with native-speaking students. It is the more general type of anxiety felt by most school students. On the other(a) hand, second language writing anxiety refers to language-skill-specific anxiety felt by students.Chang, Horwitz, and Schallert (1999) suggest that these are two separate constructs and that anxiety levels in speaking or writing may be felt differently. Nevertheless, the report asserts that level of self-esteem is an important comp onent for both constructs. In a interrogation on English as Second Language, Huang (2004) reports that foreign students (i. e. Chinese) studying at northerly American universities have faired very well in TOEFL.While Chinese students have obtained very amply marks, many a(prenominal) still have difficulties in understanding academic lectures, taking notes, writing assignments and giving presentations. Further, this report would likewise illustrate that the two independent constructs reported by Chang, Horwitz, and Schallert (1999). Huang (2004) reports that the students in the study have improvement in reading ability and grammar, and that listening and the speaking were the weakest.More everyplace, the study also reports low level of confidence of foreign students in participation and interaction in classes collectable to this difficultness thus, limiting their overall performance. Cummins (2000) supports that even though many have excellent English language skills in term s of social proficiency, many are still struggling with the type of cognitive academic language necessary for the success in the mainstream classroom. The Learners Willingness to CommunicateSkehan (1989) further suggests that a learners willingness to communicate has also been fixd to anxiety. His research points toward whatever language learners attempting to avoid communicating in a second language due to fear of embarrassment over their current skill level in speaking the second language. peradventure this is part of the reason why many second language learners, who study overseas, tend to hang on machine- gatewayible to other foreign second language learners and avoid prolonged social contact with native-speaking peers.Though the argument behind each individual(a)s level of willingness to communicate will likely vary ground on the number of people present, the topic of conversation and the formality of the circumstances, avoiding discussion using the second language is a common anxiety among language learners. While many studies have shown the level of anxiety of second language learners increases because of erroneous personal beliefs of the students, most of studies assert that self-confidence is an important component in overcoming of both in classroom and writing anxieties.What the SLA Teacher Ought to Focus On Sources of Language Anxiety Furthermore, Young (1991) provides a list of potential sources of language anxiety. In her review of the literature on language anxiety, Young asserts that language anxiety can have a variety of sources that is, anxiety can be associated with the learners perceptions, teachers beliefs, as well as the instructional practice to second language learning. She argues that language can come from the following a.personal and interpersonal anxieties, learner beliefs about language learning, instructor beliefs about language teaching, instructor-learner actions, and language testing. Personal perceptions and beliefs ca n have a great effect on the upgrade of language learning. These perceptions have been well-documented in the studies related to age and language learning. Hyltenstam (1992) asserts that age in relation to language learning is an important factor in achieving native-like fluency for second language learners.That is, younger students tend to learn the second language faster than their mature counterparts. On the other, self-perception of more mature learners tends to hinder in the development of second language skills, which can more appropriately termed as trait anxiety. For example, adults, who are act study of a second language, may have a clear mission why they are pursuing such course and far more determination to persevere than their younger counterparts.However, a number of mature students, who enter a foreign language class, were victimized by various prejudices about second language learning. Im too old to learn or Im linguistically challenged are common erroneous beliefs that adult learners often succumb to. Ehrman et al (2003) suggest that the aromas of uneasiness, such as late start or a belief that one needs a special predisposition for learning learning, can be attributed to the barriers created by the students ego as one matures.Adult learners may perceive their performance in a foreign language classroom as unnatural or ridiculous in comparison to their experience in the first gear language acquisition process. Therefore, these factors often reach to the apprehension and tension felt by adult learners in the context of second language learning, more specifically in the aspect of speaking, writing, and learning. In short, adult learners suffer language anxiety more as compared to their younger counterparts. Certainly, not all adult learners become paralyzed by ostracize emotions the moment they flavor into a foreign language classroom.However, it is a common perception of educators, who have lectured to a group of adults, that some non-na tive speaking students may be reluctant to participate, more especially when they realize or assume that other students are more fluent. Nonetheless, it is important to emphasize that this emotion is not alien to younger learners, but in the studies it have been well-documented that with age the tension and anxiety associated with learning a new language is stronger and more difficult to overcome. The Learning Environment as Source of Language AnxietyFurthermore, the learning environment can also be a source of language anxiety. MacIntyre and Gardner (1994) would denote this as situational anxiety. Hadfield (1992) has introduced the concept of classroom dynamics to spot everything that happens in and between the participants, both the teacher and the students. Heron further elaborates on the existential anxiety of students in a classroom setting. Moreover, Heron also lists three aspects of existential anxiety in relation to classroom dynamics 1) acceptance anxiety, 2) orientation a nxiety, and 3) performance anxiety.Acceptance anxiety would relate to apprehension of being judged in a foreign class. Often times, students as well as teachers may show approval and reflection behaviors to others. Fellow students may show impatience or mock another as a sign of their approval or disapproval to their peer students. This often manifest as a sign of disputation for teachers approval among students in the classroom. Teachers may also exhibit judgmental attitude in their criticisms as well as their bodily movements to their students. The teachers may open criticize or mock a student in a class.A more subtle criticism can be sight when a teacher would correct an error of a student. Whether the teacher corrects the error explicitly, by providing the correction, or implicitly, by indicating the kind of error and giving the student the opportunity for self-correction, can make a difference in the students self-confidence. Orientation anxiety would relate to the personal understanding of the situational contexts of the discussion or what is dismissal on. Teachers role in facilitating learning is undermined by the failure to manage classroom discourse. This tops for students to at times feel of being deprived of control.In a discussion, when turn stealing overrules turn taking, such feelings can occur. The student may feel the lack of control over his role in classroom interaction when he is late to answer a general question or the question is tell to another person. More often, students would find the teachers unclear or unsatisfactory explanation as frustrating and leaving a feeling of no control over the language as a system. Finally, the anxiety is further instilled with domineering and controlling teachers, who leaves students feeling they have no influence over what is red on in the classroom.Lastly, performance anxiety would relate to the apprehension or feeling of isolation in a class. The feeling of isolation may also express itself as a feeling of disregarded. The feeling of being alone among ones peers is not uncommon in broad(prenominal)ly territorial classrooms in which students never want to change their seats or switch conversation partners. Moreover, this would relate to students anxiety to talk using the target language with fellow students in fear of being coming into court stupid and judge as well.Hence, research reports would suggest that foreign students will tend to group with fellow non-native speakers and exhibit behavioral avoidance when studying in the mainstream English classes. covariants of Self-Confidence Self-confidence is a corroboratory image yet realistic view of one-self and the situation. A confident person is someone who think his own abilities, have a general sense of control in their lives, and believe that, at bottom reason, they will be able to do what they wish, plan, and expect.According to Skehan (1989), available research does not show a single clearly-defined kind between personality traits (such as self-confidence) and second language. He further points out that a major difficulty in investigating personality variables is that of identification and measurement, pointing toward a relatively new area of potential research needing attention. However, existing literature suggests that language anxiety can be correlated with students negative concepts of themselves as language learners, and negative expectations for language learning.With this in consideration, self-confidence levels can be viewed not only as a personality trait with multiform factors affecting high or low confidence, but also as an outcome of high anxiety levels. This assumption is of considerable interest as anxiety tends to create negative self-perceptions about language performance and can then be tied now to an increase in negative attitudes towards second language learning and a decrease in risk-taking and sociability.In different respect, overly high levels of confidence in lan guage learning can have similar negative set up on language learning, hindering advancement in language proficiency as over-confidence, due to self-perceptions of high degrees of performance in oral/written communication or in positive socialization, can lead a language learner to believe that he or she has learned all there is to know about a language and lose sight of mastering higher complex linguistic skill in the SL.For example, an individual who chances that his or her skill level in the second language is superior to other SL learners who struggle with the SL, he or she might make substantial mistakes in grammar or comprehension, but remain completely unaware of their errors and thus not improve in the acquisition of the second language. Horwitz (1986) brings up an enkindle concept regarding self-confidence by citing that language learning is a profoundly unsettling psychological proposition because it directly threatens an individuals self-concept and worldview.A bold sta tement, but it does indicate that language learning, as a whole, can be a major contributor to variable self-confidence levels based on how each individual interprets their learning in terms of culture, grammar, or any other related language learning aspect. Variable self-confidence levels in second language learners are profoundly impacted by a complex set of individualised variables that it would be difficult to label each and every possible contributor to self-confidence levels.Simply recognising self-confidence levels in SL learners as a result of language learning and of anxiety opens a variety of potential research regularitys to begin measuring cause and effect of variable self-confidence. Instructor-Learner Interaction and classroom Procedures Young (1991) asserts that a learners beliefs about language learning can contribute to the psychological anxiety in students. Skills such as proper pronunciation, depth of vocabulary, and fluency may vary in importance for learners in relation to second language learning.Similarly, Horwitz also studied the effect of various learners perceptions to language learning. In fact, Horwitz reports that a number of foreign language students in his study may have unattainable personal goals and misconceptions about language learning. For example, a few respondents expressed their optimism in achieving native-like fluency in the second language in two years of study, while others expressed their belief that language learning is equal to learning how to translate. Clearly, these idealistic beliefs contribute to language anxiety, more evidently when their beliefs and reality clash.A very ethical example would be the overly optimistic goal of beginners to achieve native-like fluency in the target language in two years. Over time, the students would naturally tend to get frustrated to find the reality of their flawed pronunciation even after a lot of practice. On the other hand, an instructors beliefs about language teach ing can also be a source of anxiety among second language learners. The manifestations of instructors belief can more clearly be seen in the methodology or approach in which an instructor conducts the second language class.For example, most instructors, who employ the Grammar Translation Method to teach English, will undoubtedly argue that the most fundamental reason for learning the language is to give learners access to English literature, develop their minds through second language learning, and to build in students the kinds of grammar, reading, vocabulary, and translation skills requisite to transcend any one of the variety of compulsory tests necessitated in educational institutions. These instructors often emphasize on the unforgiving rules of grammar syntax and proper form in sentence construction.While the teacher believes that his role in class is to constantly test and correct students errors, some of the students might develop anxiety over their class performance. On the other hand, some instructors may choose to employ a different methodology in language teaching. Some instructors may choose to use Total Physical Response method for learners to enjoy the sessions and create a less stressful environment for the students. Practitioners argue that recreating the natural process for children first learning their native language will facilitate the learning of the second language in the same way.More importantly, it asserts that language learning method involves a substantial amount of listening and comprehension with a mixture of various physical response such as smiling, reaching, and grabbing. Thus, the aim was to lower the affective filter out in order to accelerate language learning among students. Taking into account the beliefs of both learners and instructors as well as the sources of language anxieties felt by students in a classroom setting, it is also important to front into the dynamics of the learning environment.Hadfield (1992) has identified seven traits of a good classroom dynamics as shown in Table 1. Table 1 Traits of Good Classroom Dynamics 1. Student groups are cohesive and have a positive, supportive atmosphere. Group members are interested in each other and feel they have something in common. 2. The members of the group are able to compromise. They have a sense of direction as a group and are able to define their goals in group as well as individual terms. 3. Group members are not cliquey or territorial but interact happily with all members of the group.Members of the group listen to each other and take turns. 4. Individuals in the group are not competitive and do not seek individual attention at the expense of others. Members cooperate in completing tasks and are able to work together productively. 5. Group members are able to empathize with each other and understand each others points of view even if they do not share them. The members of the group trust each other. 6. The group has a sense of fun. 7 . Group members have a positive attitude to themselves as learners, to the language and culture being studied, and to the learning experience.Interpretation of Educator Beliefs on Language Learning many a(prenominal) paradigms and principles in mentioned in existing literature in teacher cognition are generally by nature unobservable and researchers have defined such principles differently. Freeman defines the categories in teacher education as knowledge, beliefs and perceptions that shape what the teachers know, and indeed what they do in their teaching. The keywords in Freemans categorization would be knowledge, beliefs and perceptions. These keywords would therefore define the scope of the teachers competency in relation to language teaching.Ellis (2006) would further pull down the three words to discuss the teachers biographical experience and how it contributes to their professional knowledge. Ellis (2006) proposes knowledge, beliefs, and insights as nicety of the Freemans categorization. Knowledge (cited after Woods by Ellis) would be related to facts and the things we know. Beliefs refers to the instructors acceptance of a proposition for which there is an accepted disagreement. Ellis further elaborates on this irony as ESL students need explicit focus on grammar as well as communicative practice. Lastly, insight would relate to the instructors personal practical knowledge knowledge which is experiential, embodied, and reconstructed out of the narratives of a teachers life. Ellis (2006) further elaborates insight as an understanding gained from personal experience that allows us to see how previously understood realities could be different. It illuminates something previously unseen, makes sense of something previously incomprehensible, or lends a new eyeshot on something taken for granted. ConclusionDifferent language experiences will result to rich and diverse insights, which can be very useful to second language teachers. However, there is y et to be a organized study of a knowledge database of the learning experiences of English second language teachers. Formal education would subscribe and ensure teachers are equip with the knowledge about phonology, grammar syntax, bilingualism, and motivation and methodology, etc. In addition, beliefs about the theories within language learning are also formed in the process as teachers develop a technique or approach in second language teaching.More importantly, teachers gain insights from the personal experiences, particularly in teaching second language. These insights are gained from reflection and recognition the complex, interwoven, rich, and diverse nature of what teachers know. The content of this teacher booklet all aim to give the SLA teacher some insight into the areas in which he exerts significant impact. If taken to heart, he will indeed be able to make a dent in language learning by lessening the anxiety of his students and increasing their self-confidence. Refere nces Chang, Y. S. , Horwitz, E. K. and Schallert, D. L. (1999).Language Anxiety Differentiating constitution and Speaking Components. Language Learning, 49 (3), 417-446. Cummins, J. (2000). Immersion education for the millennium What we have learned from 30 years of research on second language immersion. Retrieved on October 23, 2007 from www. iteachilearn. com/cummins/immersion2000. html Ehrman, M. E. , Leaver, B. L. & Oxford, R. L. (2003). A brief overview of individual differences in second language learning. System, 31 (3), 313-330. Ellis, E. M. (2006). Language learning experience as a contributor to ESOL teacher cognition. Teaching English as Second Language or Foreign Language, 10 (1).Gardner, R. C. & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. Rowley, Mass Newbury House. Hadfield, J. (1992). Classroom dynamics. Oxford Oxford University Press. Horwitz, E. K. (1986). Student effective reactions and the teaching and learning of foreign language s. College of commandment The University of Texas at Austin, Texas. Horwitz, E. K. , Horwitz, M. B. & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70 (2). Huang, J. (2004). Voices from Chinese students Professors use of English affects academic listening. College Student Journal, 38(2), 212-223.Hyltenstam, K. (1992). Non-native features of near-native speakers on the ultimate attainment of childhood L2 learners. In R. J. Harris (ed. ) cognitive processing in bilinguals, 351 367. Amsterdam North-Holland. MacIntyre, P. D. & Gardner, D. (1994). How does anxiety affect second language learning? A resolution to Sparks and Ganschow. The Modern Language Journal, 79 (1). Skehan, P. (1989). Individual differences in second-language learning. London Edward Arnold Young, D. J. (1991). Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment What does language anxiety research suggest? The Modern Language Journal, 75 (4).